旧约 - 撒母耳记上（1 Samuel）第14章

Now it came to pass upon a day, that Jonathan the son of Saul said unto the young man that bare his armour, Come, and let us go over to the Philistines' garrison, that is on the other side. But he told not his father.

And Saul tarried in the uttermost part of Gibeah under a pomegranate tree which is in Migron: and the people that were with him were about six hundred men;

And Ahiah, the son of Ahitub, Ichabod's brother, the son of Phinehas, the son of Eli, the LORD's priest in Shiloh, wearing an ephod. And the people knew not that Jonathan was gone.

And between the passages, by which Jonathan sought to go over unto the Philistines' garrison, there was a sharp rock on the one side, and a sharp rock on the other side: and the name of the one was Bozez, and the name of the other Seneh.

The forefront of the one was situate northward over against Michmash, and the other southward over against Gibeah.

And Jonathan said to the young man that bare his armour, Come, and let us go over unto the garrison of these uncircumcised: it may be that the LORD will work for us: for there is no restraint to the LORD to save by many or by few.

And his armourbearer said unto him, Do all that is in thine heart: turn thee; behold, I am with thee according to thy heart.

Then said Jonathan, Behold, we will pass over unto these men, and we will discover ourselves unto them.

If they say thus unto us, Tarry until we come to you; then we will stand still in our place, and will not go up unto them.

But if they say thus, Come up unto us; then we will go up: for the LORD hath delivered them into our hand: and this shall be a sign unto us.

And both of them discovered themselves unto the garrison of the Philistines: and the Philistines said, Behold, the Hebrews come forth out of the holes where they had hid themselves.

And the men of the garrison answered Jonathan and his armourbearer, and said, Come up to us, and we will shew you a thing. And Jonathan said unto his armourbearer, Come up after me: for the LORD hath delivered them into the hand of Israel.

And Jonathan climbed up upon his hands and upon his feet, and his armourbearer after him: and they fell before Jonathan; and his armourbearer slew after him.

And that first slaughter, which Jonathan and his armourbearer made, was about twenty men, within as it were an half acre of land, which a yoke of oxen might plow.

And there was trembling in the host, in the field, and among all the people: the garrison, and the spoilers, they also trembled, and the earth quaked: so it was a very great trembling.

And the watchmen of Saul in Gibeah of Benjamin looked; and, behold, the multitude melted away, and they went on beating down one another.

Then said Saul unto the people that were with him, Number now, and see who is gone from us. And when they had numbered, behold, Jonathan and his armourbearer were not there.

And Saul said unto Ahiah, Bring hither the ark of God. For the ark of God was at that time with the children of Israel.

And it came to pass, while Saul talked unto the priest, that the noise that was in the host of the Philistines went on and increased: and Saul said unto the priest, Withdraw thine hand.

And Saul and all the people that were with him assembled themselves, and they came to the battle: and, behold, every man's sword was against his fellow, and there was a very great discomfiture.

Moreover the Hebrews that were with the Philistines before that time, which went up with them into the camp from the country round about, even they also turned to be with the Israelites that were with Saul and Jonathan.

Likewise all the men of Israel which had hid themselves in mount Ephraim, when they heard that the Philistines fled, even they also followed hard after them in the battle.

So the LORD saved Israel that day: and the battle passed over unto Bethaven.

And the men of Israel were distressed that day: for Saul had adjured the people, saying, Cursed be the man that eateth any food until evening, that I may be avenged on mine enemies. So none of the people tasted any food.

And all they of the land came to a wood; and there was honey upon the ground.

And when the people were come into the wood, behold, the honey dropped; but no man put his hand to his mouth: for the people feared the oath.

But Jonathan heard not when his father charged the people with the oath: wherefore he put forth the end of the rod that was in his hand, and dipped it in an honeycomb, and put his hand to his mouth; and his eyes were enlightened.

Then answered one of the people, and said, Thy father straitly charged the people with an oath, saying, Cursed be the man that eateth any food this day. And the people were faint.

Then said Jonathan, My father hath troubled the land: see, I pray you, how mine eyes have been enlightened, because I tasted a little of this honey.

How much more, if haply the people had eaten freely to day of the spoil of their enemies which they found? for had there not been now a much greater slaughter among the Philistines?

And they smote the Philistines that day from Michmash to Aijalon: and the people were very faint.

And the people flew upon the spoil, and took sheep, and oxen, and calves, and slew them on the ground: and the people did eat them with the blood.

Then they told Saul, saying, Behold, the people sin against the LORD, in that they eat with the blood. And he said, Ye have transgressed: roll a great stone unto me this day.

And Saul said, Disperse yourselves among the people, and say unto them, Bring me hither every man his ox, and every man his sheep, and slay them here, and eat; and sin not against the LORD in eating with the blood. And all the people brought every man his ox with him that night, and slew them there.

And Saul built an altar unto the LORD: the same was the first altar that he built unto the LORD.

And Saul said, Let us go down after the Philistines by night, and spoil them until the morning light, and let us not leave a man of them. And they said, Do whatsoever seemeth good unto thee. Then said the priest, Let us draw near hither unto God.

And Saul asked counsel of God, Shall I go down after the Philistines? wilt thou deliver them into the hand of Israel? But he answered him not that day.

And Saul said, Draw ye near hither, all the chief of the people: and know and see wherein this sin hath been this day.

For, as the LORD liveth, which saveth Israel, though it be in Jonathan my son, he shall surely die. But there was not a man among all the people that answered him.

Then said he unto all Israel, Be ye on one side, and I and Jonathan my son will be on the other side. And the people said unto Saul, Do what seemeth good unto thee.

Therefore Saul said unto the LORD God of Israel, Give a perfect lot. And Saul and Jonathan were taken: but the people escaped.

And Saul said, Cast lots between me and Jonathan my son. And Jonathan was taken.

Then Saul said to Jonathan, Tell me what thou hast done. And Jonathan told him, and said, I did but taste a little honey with the end of the rod that was in mine hand, and, lo, I must die.

And Saul answered, God do so and more also: for thou shalt surely die, Jonathan.

And the people said unto Saul, Shall Jonathan die, who hath wrought this great salvation in Israel? God forbid: as the LORD liveth, there shall not one hair of his head fall to the ground; for he hath wrought with God this day. So the people rescued Jonathan, that he died not.

Then Saul went up from following the Philistines: and the Philistines went to their own place.

So Saul took the kingdom over Israel, and fought against all his enemies on every side, against Moab, and against the children of Ammon, and against Edom, and against the kings of Zobah, and against the Philistines: and whithersoever he turned himself, he vexed them.

And he gathered an host, and smote the Amalekites, and delivered Israel out of the hands of them that spoiled them.

Now the sons of Saul were Jonathan, and Ishui, and Melchishua: and the names of his two daughters were these; the name of the firstborn Merab, and the name of the younger Michal:

And the name of Saul's wife was Ahinoam, the daughter of Ahimaaz: and the name of the captain of his host was Abner, the son of Ner, Saul's uncle.

And Kish was the father of Saul; and Ner the father of Abner was the son of Abiel.

And there was sore war against the Philistines all the days of Saul: and when Saul saw any strong man, or any valiant man, he took him unto him.

撒母耳记上第十四章　　第 14 章　

　　撒上 14 章 > 扫罗或有才能，品格却欠奉了，我们事奉的焦点不会只放在能力上面吧……　

　　14 章　从这一章我们看到，扫罗做了几件不合领袖体统的事：他没有跟儿子约拿单交谈（ 14:1 ， 17 ）；愚妄地起誓（ 14:24 ）；不理士卒的疲乏安危（ 14:31 ）。他领导全民毫不称职，那并不只是由于本身的性格，更是由于他属灵品格的腐败。我们的行为常常是属灵景况的缩影，别忘记，要作英明的领袖，具备属灵的品格是极重要的。　

　　扫罗　

　　撒上 14:1> 军纪固然重要，但为何约拿单要单独行动呢？扫罗父子有何分别？　

　　14:1　约拿单为何单独下去攻击非利士人？也许在战场上躲避敌人不是办法，拖延日久难免厌战；他信靠神能使他得胜，虽然非利士军队人数众多，但自己有神同在，相信可以力克敌人。他也许未将这事告诉父亲，因为扫罗不会让他出战。　

　　撒上 14:6> 战争中人的多少，是世人看胜负的条件，你怎样看？　

　　14:6　约拿单与替他拿兵器的人，和非利士人的大军比起来实在是微不足道。但是尽管别人都害怕，他们却倚靠神，清楚知道敌方兵员虽多，也不能限制神施展大能相助。神看重这两个人的信心与英勇，使他们大获胜利。　

　　你曾否被“仇敌”四面包围，面对有压倒性优势的敌人？不要被庞大的敌人和复杂的情势吓倒，倚靠神，总会有足够的资源抵抗压力，而且得胜。只要神吩咐你采取行动，你就要果敢地将自己所有的一切交托给祂，信赖祂率领你取胜。　

　　撒上 14:12> 约拿单靠神，以一当十，我又如何面对困难？　

　　14:12　约拿单没有权柄率领全军出战，但是他能在敌营的一隅发动小型攻击。他们动手的时候，非利士营中惊慌溃乱，以前跟随非利士军的希伯来人都倒戈相向，藏在山地之人也重新振作起来出去作战。　

　　你面对力不能胜的局面时，请你自问，“我能采取什么步骤来解决难题并且获得最后的胜利？”　

　　撒上 14:19> 是否应该停手？　

　　14:19　扫罗吩咐祭司“停手”，是指不要使用乌陵和土明。他们本来要从以弗得（背心）之中取出它们来，好确知神的旨意（参 10:20 的注释），扫罗急急忙忙地按例而行，求神的回覆，好趁非利士人混乱之际，速速取胜。　

　　冒失起誓许愿　

　　撒上 14:24> 扫罗愚昧的起誓，带来了可悲的后果──　

　　14:24　扫罗叫百姓起誓，毫不考虑可能的后果。其结果如何？（ 1 ）百姓极其困惫，不能作战；（ 2 ）他们极其饥饿，吃带血的肉，这事违背神的律法（ 14:32 ）；（ 3 ）他几乎杀了自己的儿子约拿单（ 14:42-44 ）。扫罗一时冲动起誓，听起来很有英雄味道，但是却带来灾殃。如果你处于为难之中，务要慎防冲口而出的话语，免得后悔莫及。　

　　约拿单的英勇战绩　

　　撒上 14:32-34> 为何不可吃血？我如何看待吃血？　

　　14:32-34 在希伯来人有关食物的条例中，最古老、也是最认真的一项，是不准他们吃带血的牲畜肉（参利 7:26-27 ）。这个律法从挪亚时代开始（参创 9:4 ）到早期教会时代一直被遵守着（参徒 15:27-29 ）。吃血是犯罪的，因为血代表生命，生命是属于神的。（参利 17:10-14 注释）。　

　　撒上 14:35-36> 把神放在第一位，是应当的，为何我也是最后才想到神？　

　　14:35-36 扫罗作王好几年以后，才为神建起第一个祭坛，作为最后的凭依。他在位期间，只有在山穷水尽之时才寻求神，这与祭司成了强烈的对比，祭司主张人应当凡事先求问神。假如他首先去求问神，作王以后头一件事就是筑起祭坛，该有多好啊！人到事后才求告神，就有辱祂的大能；我们应先求告神，别等到计穷力竭之时才想到祂。　

　　撒上 14:39> 扫罗再次起誓几乎丧了儿子的命；我能勒住自己的口不起誓吗？　

　　14:39 这是扫罗第二次愚昧地起誓。起第一个誓是因为他太急于打败非利士人，想激励士兵早早完成任务（ 14:14-26 ）。在全本圣经中神从来没有叫人起誓或许愿，不过一旦人起了誓的话，祂当然希望人能够信守（参利 5:4 ；民 30 ）。　

　　扫罗的誓言，神并不完全认同，不过那仍然是他所起的誓。约拿单虽然不知道父亲的誓言，仍犯了违背誓言之过。扫罗好像耶弗他一样（参士 11 章），所许之愿危及到自己儿女的生命，幸而人民拦阻才救了约拿单的性命。　

　　撒上 14:39> 冒失起誓，后果可能是严峻的，应该怎么办？　

　　14:39 扫罗下了一道不合情理的命令，促使人去违誓。按照这命令，他必须处死儿子，但即使如此他也不能收回命令，因为他已经对神起了誓。冒失起誓的后果是严重的，尤其当所起的誓不合情理，又很难做到时，就更加被动了。　

　　撒上 14:43> 能坦诚面对自己的错，约拿单真教人佩服！其实我也想做到……　

　　14:43 约拿单的属灵气质跟扫罗成为鲜明的对比。他坦承自己所做的事，并不想作掩饰。他虽然不知道扫罗所起的誓，却甘愿承受后果。在你做错事以后，即使出于无心，也要像约拿单一样的坦白，却不可效法扫罗。　

　　撒上 14:44-45> 在威望、信誉、法理、亲情和忠心的错综关系上，哪点最重要？我是怎么做的？　

　　14:44-45 为了面子，扫罗又说了一次糊涂话。饶恕约拿单的性命，等于要他承认自己做了蠢事，这对君王来说是非常难堪的，他实际上是关心自己的形像多过信守自己的誓言。幸而百姓劝说才救了约拿单。不要像扫罗似的一错再错，要肯认错，好证明你注重事情做得对，过于表面上做得漂亮。　

　　撒上 14:47> 神是终极的权能者，有最佳的旨意、时间和方法，但我为何常怀疑或焦虑呢？　

　　14:47 扫罗刚刚违背了神的命令，神就告诉他，他的国位不会长久了（ 13:13-14 ）。其后为什么他又会战胜呢？有时不虔诚的人也能打胜仗。神既没有保证，又没有设限说只有义人才能得胜；祂只照自己的旨意安排。祂可能因为人民的缘故，而不是因为扫罗，所以使他得胜。祂可能容许扫罗暂时作王，好使用他的军事才能，这样，下一任的君王大卫就可以心无旁骛，领导国人从事属灵战争。不管神因什么原由耽延扫罗王朝的改换，他的王位终结总要完全应验神的预言。只有神知道自己的计划和应许，祂有命定的时间。我们的任务乃是将自己的事情和道路交托给神，信靠祂必会成全。──《灵修版圣经注释》　

撒母耳记上注释　　2．扫罗轻率的誓言（一四）

　　一四1～15 约拿单看见父亲仍未有行动，知道在战场上躲避敌人不是办法，拖延日久士兵难免厌战；约拿单便与拿兵器的士兵悄悄地溜去攻击非利士人。这并非鲁莽，也不是愚蠢的自杀式行为。他信靠神能使他得胜，虽然非利士军队人数众多，但自己有神同在，相信必能得胜。胜利的关键不在于只有两个人，约拿单的信心在于：“耶和华使人得胜，不在乎人多人少。”约拿单的信心终必得到赏赐。当非利士人以为他们是逃兵，叫他们上去时，就是神借此让约拿单知道，他必得胜。后来非利士人确说：“你们上到我们这里来……”约拿单就爬上他们的营中，随后在犁沟杀了二十人。生还者欲逃走时，神使地震动，非利士人的营地一片混乱。约拿单（6节）和拿兵器的人（7节）显出信心的见证，是神用以对付非利士人的。可怜愚钝的扫罗错失了胜利的果子！

　　一四16～23 扫罗的守望兵看见那混乱情况，便向他报告。他查点的时候发现约拿单和拿兵器的人不见了。扫罗马上召祭司亚希亚把约柜运到他那里，他好求问耶和华。（新英王钦定本边注，依照七十土译本把约柜作“以弗得”，约柜这时大概仍在基列耶琳。）但是扫罗听见敌人混乱的喧嚷声音越来越大，便很快改变了主意。他叫祭司停手，意思是停止寻求耶和华的旨意（19节）。他重整他的势力，坚称主已把非利士人交在他手里，毋需属神的带领了。其它人也发现神正为以色列争战。那些从前投降的希伯来人，转离他们非利士人的主人；而那躲藏在以法莲山地的以色列人，也鼓起勇气去参战。战事快将胜利时，人人都想加入战场，但谁愿象约拿单一马当先出战场呢？

　　一四24～30 扫罗为了尽快得到胜利，便轻率地起了誓，不准士兵在晚上战事完结前进食，他还起咒立誓。饥饿令兵了愈加疲惫。使他们陷于不利的境地。约拿单不知道他父亲的命令，便吃了一点蜜糖来补充体力。当他得悉咒诅时，便哀叹这愚蠢的命令阻碍以色列的得胜。

　　一四引～42 扫罗的限制不但令约拿单生气，而且使百姓陷入危险的境地。战事完毕后，兵士急忙将所夺的牲畜杀了，肉还带血时便吃了，这又违反利未记十七章10至14节和申命记十二章23至25节的规定。扫罗听到这些事后，便斥责他们，要把动物牵到大石头上，依规矩宰杀。他也初次筑了一座坛（扫罗作王好几年以后，才为神建起第一个祭坛，作为最后的凭依。他在位期间，只有在山穷水尽之时才寻求神，这与祭司成了强烈的对比。）扫罗热切地期望能连夜追杀非利士人，所以他向祭司谈及询问神，但是神没有回答他。这使扫罗相信营里有罪恶，便用签找出实情。令扫罗惊奇的是，约拿单被掣出来。这说明掣签是当时指出犯人的方法。

　　一四43～46 约拿单解释发生了什么事，扫罗为了顾全面子，便命令把他治死。那时候百姓比君王显得更有见识：约拿单岂不是与神一同作事，大得胜利吗？神在争战中大大使用他，又怎会因他触犯扫罗的咒诅而不喜悦他呢？所以绝不能治死约拿单。这样英雄便得以免死。扫罗的行为显示他不单没有依靠上帝，他也没有与以色列军队联成一气。扫罗行了无知的事，而非利士人便趁机逃跑了。他第二次处事欠智慧；削弱他日后的成功。

　　从这一章中我们看到，扫罗做了几件不合领袖体统的事：他没有跟儿子约拿单交谈（1,

　　17节）；愚妄地起誓（24节）；不理士卒的疲乏安危（31节）。他领导全民毫不称职，那并不只是由于本身的性格，更是由于他属灵品格的腐败。

　　一四47～52 第47和48节总结扫罗的战绩。其后三节细述他的家庭。最后一节应验撒母耳的预言：王招募以色列的英勇的儿子服役。（撒上八11）

撒母耳记上

撒母耳记上第十四章

14：1　非利士的这支驻防军大概是在密抹，也是从这里派出三支军队进掠以境（13：17-18）。本章记述约拿单的战绩，和他吃蜂蜜获罪，以及以军吃带血的肉得罪神的事。

“那边”指密抹隘口的北边，非利士人在那里安营。

14：2　扫罗本在迦巴（13：16），现在南撤到基比亚的郊外，米矶仑若按《以赛亚书》10：28所记，与基比亚相距甚远，扫罗不可能既在基比亚又在米矶仑。此字或为“打禾场”的误抄，他是在打禾场的石榴树下。此树当为一个显著界标或宗教圣树，以色列人的领袖喜在有历史性的大树下听审（士4：5）。

14：3　“以弗得”为大祭司礼服的一部分，藏有乌陵和土明的决断胸牌贴在以弗得上（出28：28-30）。乌陵与土明为寻求神的旨意之用，由大祭司保管。参2：18注。

亚希亚是撒母耳的老师以利的遗裔，又名亚希米勒（22：20），在扫罗朝中担任大祭司。后来扫罗大杀祭司家族（22：11-23），亚希亚（亚希米勒）之子亚比亚他携以弗得投奔大卫。（也有人说亚希亚是21：1提到的亚希米勒的兄弟，亚希米勒继他为大祭司）。

14：6　6-15节讲约拿单凭信心破敌的方法获得成功。以色列人轻视非利士人，称之为“未受割礼人”（士14：3）。

14：9　神借默示、先知，也借环境来让人明白祂的旨意。这里和10：3都是根据看似无关的事，来决定行动。

14：14　“一亩地的半犁沟”：原文作“半约克”。一约克（yoke）为一对牛在一个普通工作天能犁出的土地，为古代量度土地的一种方法。

14：15　“地也震动”是神亲自干预。神用自然的力量来施行拯救的事看7：10；书3：14-17等。

14：18　约柜一直停放在基列耶琳（7：1-2），到大卫王时才运到耶路撒冷（撒下6：1-5）。约柜从未作求问神旨意之用。扫罗所要的或为以弗得，因希腊文旧约《七十士译本》不作“约柜”，而为“以弗得”（看14：3）。

14：19　“停手”是说暂时停止不去寻问神。扫罗急于杀敌，故命祭司停手。扫罗将自己的判断放在对神的倚靠之上。

14：24　扫罗轻率起誓，百姓因此犯罪（32节），儿子约拿单几乎丧命（43-45节），更延阻了追击非利士人。他叫百姓起誓的重心是要向敌人报仇；不象他儿子约拿单，作战是为了神的荣耀和全民的安全（看6-12节）。

14：27　约拿单饿得眼睛发昏，吃了蜂蜜，体力恢复，眼睛也明亮了。

14：33-34　律法禁止以色列人吃血（利7：26；17：10）。吃肉带血是极大的罪。扫罗要百姓把牲畜牵到坛前去了血再吃。“大石头”用来作临时祭坛之用。

14：35　扫罗筑坛献牲为祭，当为代百姓赎罪。

14：46　非利士人的锐气经此役后大为收敛，但在扫罗王晚年，其势复盛，扫罗死在他们手上。

14：47　扫罗时代以色列国土的范围，东到约旦河东岸的摩押与亚扪人境界，南临以东，西达非利士边境，北至琐巴（今叙利亚）。以色列的国运在他手中渐好转，但国家疆域则远不及大卫和所罗门时代。

14：48　亚玛力人住在以东地南部，属阿拉伯族，以掳掠为生（参30：1-20），是以色列人的死敌（出17：8-16；申25：17-19）。扫罗对亚玛力人之战见下章。

14：52　本节为扫罗和大卫的事写下伏笔，因为大卫也是扫罗招募的一位勇士。

旧约 - 撒母耳记上（1 Samuel）第14章

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